The Four African Americans Artist - 1053 Words

Enslaved as well as free African Americans pursued opportunities to create poetry, paintings, sculpture, and other forms of artistic self-expression. Many, of course, had to create their opportunities to create. In my paper I will compare and contrast a few artist lives and works of art. The four African Americans artist I will talk about are Robert S. Duncanson, Edward M. Bannister, Mary Edmonia Lewis, and Henry Ossawa Tanner —three free-born and one a freed slave. The tensions between an art that referred to people’s social conditions and an art that transcended race and class politics are represented by the works of two artists active during the 1860s and 1870s: sculptor Mary Edmonia Lewis and landscape painter Robert S. Duncanson. Mary Edmonia Lewis’s father was a free African-American and her mother a Chippewa Indian. She was an exhibitor at the Centennial Exposition in Philadelphia in 1876 and was the first African American and Native American woman in the United Sates to gain widespread recognition as an artist and also the first African American and Native American in the United States to gain an international reputation as a sculptor. Lewis studied art at Oberlin College, independently in Boston, Massachusetts, and among American and British expatriates in Italy. She used the artistic conventions of neoclassicism to create powerful marble statuary on the subjects of black American emancipation, female oppression, and Native Americans. Lewis’s work isShow MoreRelatedDark Artillery : New Contrabands, No Change1747 Words   |  7 PagesDark Artillery: New Contrabands, No Change During the 1860s, African American slaves saw a glimmer of hope in the term â€Å"contraband†, which applied to runaway slaves who joined the Union lines in 1861. Being a part of the Union lines offered the escapees camps to take shelter in and a chance to fight against slavery in the Civil War. This idea was a breakthrough because slaves in the South believed that they finally saw an opening to freedom. However, being a contraband did not mean instantaneousRead MoreHow Hip Hop Is Influenced By African Americans And Hispanic Americans909 Words   |  4 Pages Carine Green English-Kogut Who does Hip-Hop belong to ? Hip-hop is often referred to as a musical art form, it was created by African-Americans and Latino-Americans in the 1970s. Its concept came from a younger generation of African-Americans in the Bronx, it is different from rap because it also includes elements of pop ,some say it was a beautiful, prideful expression of music, art, and dance from a backdrop of poverty. Since that ignition inRead MoreEvolution Of Jazz And Blues. The Music Styles Of Jazz And1364 Words   |  6 PagesEvolution of Jazz and Blues The music styles of Jazz and Blues are both considered to be great American musical art forms (Covach, 2015). These styles are also two very important â€Å"roots† of music and have evolved from the late 19th century and early 20th century to lead to the development of Rock and Roll. Jazz and Blues both originated from African-American communities when slaves were brought over to North America from Africa (Schuller, 1986). As time passed and the culture of America was constantlyRead MoreAfrican American Music Culture1490 Words   |  6 PagesAfrican American Music Culture Jakiella James â€Å"African-American gospel music is a major influence in nearly all genres of modern popular music, from rhythm ‘n blues to jazz, from soul to rock ‘n roll. The musical genre is a unique expression of the black experience in America? The emotionally-charged, wailing vocals and syncopated rhythms give the music a distinctive style. The singing is accompanied not only by instrumentals, but often also by hand-clapping, foot-stomping and shoutingRead MoreTaylor Bryson. Music 12. Zilber. 10 May 2017. Michael Jackson.1591 Words   |  7 PagesTaylor Bryson Music 12 Zilber 10 May 2017 Michael Jackson Michael Jackson is unquestionably one of the most well-known musical artists in music history. His musical achievements rightfully earned him the title of the â€Å"King of Pop†. Jackson began his musical career at a very young age with his four older brothers, and together they formed the band, The Jackson 5. They grew up in Gary, Indiana, in a lower middle-class family. The Jackson family was a large family of twelve, but they lived in justRead MoreHistory of the Blues Essay1018 Words   |  5 Pages In one way shape or form Blues music has influenced almost every music artist and their work. Jazz and Blues gave way to such artists as Elvis Presley and Chuck Barry. The history and origins of Blues traces back many generations. Many articles have been written over the years helping readers better understand the history and importance of Blues music. All the articles have a similar attitude toward The Blues. Each article makes Blues Musics social and musical importance and impact blaringlyRead MoreThe Effects Of Violent Music On The Youth Culture1316 Words   |  6 Pageseffect of violent music, both positive and negative towards African American men, women, and children. The articles also provides information that will support the reason how Hip-hop has such an impact on the youth culture, how Hip-hop is valued, and how the music and its lyrics are interpreted. Changing Images of Violence Rap music lyrics: 1979-1997 Hip- hop has both a negative and positive impact on African American lives. Over the past three decades, Hip-hop has arisen asRead MoreThe Youth Oriented Hip Hop Movement1498 Words   |  6 Pagesaccording to Jacobson (2009, p. 11), more likely to â€Å"†¦unite in opposition to the dominant culture†. A music genre that distinctly demonstrates such is the hip-hop movement. The youth-oriented hip-hop movement finds its significance in the lives of African-American youths in urban working class settings and their resistance to authority, as well as allowing them to voice their identity and address common issues concerning race, gang activity, drugs, violence, and sex. While hip-hop has been suggested toRead MoreRap Music And Hip Hop1560 Words   |  7 Pages â€Å"Gangsta rap† has been around since the late 1980s, and has been categorized as a specific type of hip hop. Reflecting the violent lifestyles of many black American youths living within the inner cities of the West and East coast, gangsta rap became a voice. The genre reflected on and spoke about the harsh realities of what life for a black person during the 1980s. One of the most prominent rap names during this era that became the voice for many people throughout the nation was the N.W.A (NiggazRead MoreRemembering the Harlem Renaissance646 Words   |  3 PagesDuring the early 1920’s, African American artists, writers, musicians, and performers took part in a cultural movement known as the Harlem Renaissance. This migration took place after World War 1 and brought African Americans of all ages to the city of Harlem located in New York (Holt). There were many inspiring young artists; one of them in particular was Augusta Savage. Augusta Savage was born on February 29, 1892, in Green Cove Springs, Florida. Savage began making art at an early age using clay

Social Inequality Inequality And Inequality - 3119 Words

Core Assessment Paper Carrie Bailey Park University Social Inequality in My Life Social inequality is described by the presence of unequal opportunities and rewards for various social positions or statuses inside a society or group. It contains organized and repetitive examples of unequal distributions of goods, riches, opportunities, prizes, and disciplines. Racism, for instance, is comprehended to be a wonder whereby access to rights and resources is unreasonably disseminated crosswise over racial lines. With regards to the U.S., minorities ordinarily encounter racism, which benefits white individuals by presenting them with white privilege, which permits them more noteworthy access to rights and resources than†¦show more content†¦As a child, I grew up with three siblings and a single mother, in public housing. On welfare and food stamps, our household income was below the poverty line. My father was absent and had never finished high school and my mother had a high school diploma, however, she never attended college. Alth ough, I look Caucasian, my mother was of Mexican and Native American descent. Because I was raised by a single mother who was raised in the Mexican culture, I was also raised in the same way. In our home, what we lacked in finances, we made up for in love and affection. Multi-racial children often find it hard to â€Å"fit in† when they don’t really fit into the culture of one ethnicity over the other. Past studies had expected that if an individual had a multiracial heritage that he or she naturally identified with that heritage. However, Binning and his fellow researchers theorized that basically having a place with different racial groups did not ensure that a man would psychologically relate to those groups. We imagined that diving further into the multiracial classification to inspect how such people translated their racial character would help our comprehension of multiracial psychology, said Binning, a post-doctoral researcher at Stanford GSB and coauthor of The Interpretation of Multiracial Status and Its Relation to SocialShow MoreRelatedSocial Inequalities By Jonathan Kozal Essay1570 Words   |  7 Pagessimultaneously believe that schools are places where social inequalities should be equalized, where the advantages or disadvantages that children experience in their homes and families should not determine what happens to them in school-in essence, that school is a place where children should have equal chances to make the most of their potential.† (Inequality) The 1991 article Savage Inequalities written by Jonathan Kozal highlights the fact that every person is entitled to the right to receiveRead MoreEssay on Social Inequality Between Men and Women1102 Words   |  5 PagesThere are many forms of social inequality that can be analyzed in the study of anthropology. One of these is the social inequality between men and women. Though gender is studied relatively commonly in the field of anthropology, it is not often looked at through the lens of social inequality. The observations of Sarah Lamb and Deborah Tannen in their articles, The Politics of Dirt and Gender: Body Techniques in Bengali India, and Whos Interrupting?: Issues of Dominance and Control, respectivelyRead MoreSocial Inequality And Gender Inequality Essay2091 Words   |  9 PagesSocial inequality is defined as the set of unequal opportunities for different social classes or statuses for various individuals within a group or society. It usually refers to people of distinct genders, ages, and ethnicities. Many American’s have experienced some type of social inequality throughout their lifetime. America’s gaping inequality is seen everywhere from education to the workforce. Society tends to oversee inequality based on race, gender, and other social characteristics . AmericansRead MoreSocial Inequality And Gender Inequality Essay2163 Words   |  9 Pagesn AmericaSocial inequality is defined as the set of unequal for different social classes or statuses for various individuals within a group or society. It usually refers to people of distinct genders, ages and ethnicities. Many American’s have experienced some type of social inequality throughout their lifetime. America’s gaping inequality is seen everywhere from education to the workforce. Society tends to oversee inequality based on race, gender, and other social characteristics believe that racialRead MoreInequality : Global And Social Inequality1330 Words   |  6 PagesInequality has been shown throughout American history and has affected various countries including the United States. The two forms of inequality this paper will address are global and social inequality. Social inequality refers to the distribution of resources based on socially defined characteristics, while global inequality is the systematic differences in wealth and power between countries. Children living in poverty don’t have the same opportunities as those who live in a higher income countyRead MoreSocial Inequality1778 Words   |  8 PagesSocial inequality  refers to a situation in which individual groups in a society do not have equal  social status,  social class, and  social circle. Areas of social inequality include  voting rights,freedom of speech  and assembly, the extent of  property rights  and access to  education,  health care, quality  hous ing,  traveling,  transportation,  vacationing  and other social goods and services. Apart from that it can also be seen in the quality of family and neighbourhood life, occupation,  job satisfactionRead MoreSocial Inequality1011 Words   |  5 PagesSection I - Dimensions of Social Inequality Begin by identifying yourself on the dimensions commonly associated with social inequalities: social class (income, wealth, (current and intended) education level, occupational prestige (associated with current or planned career), race, ethnicity, and gender. In addition, you might also identify yourself on dimensions associated with less traditional inequalities, such as national origin,, sexual identity or preference, age, weight, able-bodiedness, andRead MoreThe Realities of Social Inequalities1658 Words   |  7 Pagesof societal inequalities has provoked great debate and consequently been approached by a number theories to explain, and at times justify, the realities we face as a society on a daily basis. Two such approaches, Functionalism and Conflict Theory have taken opposing but compelling stances on deciphering the reasoning behind the inequalities present in todays society. A clearly defined class structure exists within the United States and can be tied to the issue of income inequality. The upper classRead MoreGender Inequality : A Good Understanding Of The Social Inequality Essay1487 Words   |  6 PagesAs a female college student I feel the necessity to have a good understanding of the social inequalities around me. Although, women have socially grown with more power over the years, it is not enough to equalize with the men. For example, the pay gap difference between men and women for not having the â€Å"testosterone bonus† even though the same education and qualifications are present. I hope that over time I will be able to experience a change and have the same equal rights as men because I feelRead MoreSocial Inequality Essay1324 Words   |  6 PagesSocial Inequality What is social inequality? What are the sources of social inequality? For me, social inequality cannot be described in one sentence. Factors such as race, wealth, class, gender, age, among others all play roles into why people can sometimes be treated unfairly. However before I introspectively reflect on social inequality, there is one theory that suggests where today’s society is heading for me. Karl Marx is known as a prominent economic and political influence that lived

The Concept of Visit-Ability in terms of Disabled Building Access Free Essays

Access for handicapped people to public infinites and installations has become an of import portion of the political and societal docket. The belief of the societal theoretical account of handicapped and elderly people have become the ideological hegemony of disablement policy devising and inclusive design practise in the 21stcentury in the Earth. Many professionals, public author, civil society administration and governmental bureaus are promoting different designs strategies for accessible edifice to all. We will write a custom essay sample on The Concept of Visit-Ability in terms of Disabled Building Access or any similar topic only for you Order Now The concrete awareness of what handicapped people faces in an incompatible built environment. Senior citizens, sooner will love to go on populating independently in their ain places as they age. However, excessively frequently, structural barriers of public infinites prevent those who acquires a physical damage from aging in a topographic point.The extended spread of unavailability in each state ‘s lodging stocks makes it hard for persons with disablements of all ages to see friends and relations ( lynott, 2008 ) . Each states are characterised by a design apartheid. The edifice form and design are engraved with the values of an able-bodies society. Therefore, from stairss into stores to absence of initiation cringles in public and civic edifice. The handicapped people have to personally confront the reinforced environment, which were ne’er designed to provide for a scope of bodily difference. This has form the nucleus value and the perceptual experience of some societal disablement critics to see the built environment as â€Å"disablist, that is projecting able- bodied † values which legitimise oppressive, bias and prejudiced practises against people strictly on the footing that they have physical or mental damage. Disability and ripening is a cardinal issues. In the following two decennaries, 1000000s of the public of the Earth will hold attain older age. Each states will be confronted with hard challenges in the reinforced environment including deficiency of sustainable, marketable, accessible and low-cost lodging ( Maisel, 2007 ) . Despite the fact that lodging, community and inclusive design affects everyone, the connectivity between people and the built environment has an of import impact on the handicapped people and the ageing public. Maisel stated that an inclusive lodging design or sole lodging design can either, mortify or ease the ability of the people to populate and age comfortably without any assistive mechanism. The most relentless job to handicapped persons, is substructures being unaccessible, including old public constructions and lodging. The most appealing and hereafter utile solution is acceptance of the construct of visit-ability and an inclusive and cosmopolitan design attack. A visit-able infinite or substructure has at least a wheelchair accessible entrywaies and land floor room accesss and corridors broad plenty for person in a wheelchair to go through through. A few metropoliss in the U.S. have adopted Torahs necessitating a certain sum of visit-able place building ( ADA 1990 ; Duarte A ; Cohen 2007 ) . As the recent demographic displacement set out to increase the present deficiency of accessible substructures and an inclusive design, a turning subdivision of the public will confront challenges in handiness and serviceability of their habitation. Visit-ability, inclusive and cosmopolitan design, did non merely be given toward demand for more accessible lodging but, it besides makes out, that this demand broaden beyond multifamily lodging market ( Maisel, 2007 ) . Inclusive and cosmopolitan design attack reduces environmental barriers ( unaccessible to public edifice and conveyance system ) and besides saves cost for redevelopment in instances of future mobility damage. Maisel argues that when visit-ability is in topographic point, occupants in the community can welcome invitees who use wheelchairs or Walkers ( walking frames ) , or have some other mobility damage such as stiffness, failing or hapless balance. On future projections graduated table, visit-able, inclusive and universally designed places heighten sale and re-sale in an epoch where both the figure and the per centum of older people are turning quickly. Non-disabled purchasers are attracted to well-designed places that is inclusively designed to welcome their ripening, handicapped households and friends and supply easy-use convenience for themselves. Furthermore from a human psychological science ( emphasis ) position, all occupants find it easier to convey in babe saunterers, food market carts, or heavy furniture and in clip of impermanent disablements, i.e. broken leg or arm, surgery, etc. , can necessitate usage of an assistive wheelchair or other mobility device during the recovery/recuperating period. This can organize important incommodiousness in most bing habitation with unequal basic handiness characteristics. ( Seekins, 2006 ) . Gaining the additions and turning demand for more accessible lodging, many province and local legal powers of the developed states have joined visit-ability motion and advocated for an inclusive and cosmopolitan inclined designs. In fact, several municipalities and provinces across these states have already formalized and enacted visit-ability plans. With their common end of increasing the supply of accessible lodging, this visit-ability plan is being altered significantly. The three simple ways they tend to be different are the geographic countries they extend to, the range of characteristic they are being made up and the systematic programs by which they are implemented and enforced. For case, including extra architectural elements such as barricading for grab bars in bathroom walls and accessible environmental controls. Some visit-ability enterprises are mandatory, whereby builders and the home grounds are required by a edict or act to include visit-able characteristic during new building. Other plans are strictly voluntary or possibly ( Nasar A ; Cowley, 2007 ) . Visit-able lodging is a cosmopolitan and inclusive design lodging construct that is developing quickly across North America and around the universe at big. One of the distinguishable about visit-able houses are such that, at same clip, it allows the place to be visited by friends and relations who are aging or hold disablements but besides allows these same people, a lodging pick to buy or go on to populate in as their demands alteration. ( Ringaert, 2007 ) . History of Visit-ability The construct of visit-ability originated in Europe but was initiated in the United State of America in 1986 by Eleanor Smith, a disablement right advocator. Visit-ability is a sustainable, low-cost, marketable, security and accessible design attack that moves towards individual household places, the highest desire is to acquire all new places non covered by the present entree ordinances â€Å"accessible enough† for a visitant with disablement. Therefore visit -able places tends to suit anyone and to supply entree to everyone, irrespective of some limitations to bing Torahs of disablement ( Smith, 1986 ) . New moves to unify handiness in a individual household lodging and public infinite is lifting and going important in the 21stcentury discourse on the demand for handiness for all. The Founder of this grassroots platform Eleanor Smith recalls, â€Å"That one twenty-four hours in 1986 while she was driving in her auto around her place metropolis in Atlanta US, she passed through many new lodging development and she observed that, those places had stairss at the entrywaies and all of a sudden, she looks at the place otherwise and thought that those houses could hold all had access.† ( NIDRR, 1999 ) . Concrete alteration promote the construct of visit-ability and work with the metropolis of Atlanta to go through the first visit-ability jurisprudence which makes it compulsory that all public lodging be accessible. Visit-ability became more see able throughout the 1990’s, as the construct was lodging fast. In 2001 and 2002, visit-ability came to the head as many other states has adopted it The Need and Evolution of Visit-ability Public infinite and handiness related issues are non limited to merely a few people, it adversely has an impact on a big figure of people, even the developed states like Canada, United States, United Kingdom etc. , who have mobility damage and hence go through barriers within their ain houses and public infinites. This public made up out of, but is non restricted to people who use assistive device. The information of statistical analysis from the handicapped Centre reveals that about 6.8millions of Americans occupants and about 8.7million of United Kingdom population make usage of the assistive devices to help their mobility ( DDA 1995 ; Laplante et Al. 2000 ) .Further surveies indicates that there will be an addition in the usage of mobility devices with the rapid rate of the aging public. ( Laplante et al. , 1992 ) . In common with the huge bulk of low-income states, non least in African, disabled and elderly people in Nigeria encounter a overplus of attitudinal ( deficiency of disablements issues by the general populace, etc. ) , institutional ( deficiency of entree to computing machine, cyberspace, information etc. ) and environmental barriers ( unaccessible to public edifice and conveyance system ) that impede and militate against their active societal inclusion within modern-day society. Many advocate groups and research workers sees visit-ability as a anchor towards carry throughing cosmopolitan design on a neighbourhood degree and a larger graduated table. In recognizing the deserving full intent of visit-ability in developing active communities and public infinites, Truesdale and Steinfeld ( 2002 ) argued, â€Å"Although less than the ideal of a universally designed place, visit-ability is truly cosmopolitan design engaged through inclusive design, community and vicinity planning. It guar antees that the basic degree of handiness will be put up in all the lodging and public infinite design, and it exposes chances for engagement in community life† . This instance analyze compliment resources for planing communities to accommodate societal diverseness and render just chances for all the occupants, or inclusive design. It centred on design of lodging to give handiness to people with disablements and aging in topographic point, while besides doing greater the comfortss and safety for all the occupants. This experience aims at doing alterations in the design practises. This is the cardinal aim of the inclusive design thought to grok that design for diverseness benefit all of us and our perceptual experience is been metamorphosed on differences as something about â€Å"them† ( Steinfield A ; White, 2010 ) . Harmonizing to the late Bernard Isaac ( 1996, as cited in Clarkson et al. , 2003 ) he said â€Å"design for the immature and you exclude the old, design for the old and you include the young† .Presently, one billion people of the Earth have a noticeable grade of functional damage across Europe, and in other states, where the procedure is good advanced, big Numberss of the public have retired and embarking on new career and have quest to do full their longer life. This inclination will impact strongly on the markets and have across-the-board design deduction. ( Clarkson et al. , 2003 ) . When we look closely at mundane merchandise, we can rapidly detect where people may hold troubles utilizing them. Many of these troubles are as a consequence of design determinations made without respect to the user, as such this grounds are frequently superficial but fortunately, the replies may frequently be superficial excessively. For case if the flexible joints of a door grip is excessively little to open the door handily, it can be replace with a larger 1. However, physical composing of the public is altering fundamentally and basically. It is non adequate to look at those acquiring older, no affair how sound, tantrum and healthy we may suit or non experience at this point in clip, as clip goes on in our beloved life we will certainly travel through a lessening in our active and operational capableness. Our ability to take part activity in some action will be impaired e.g. through inadvertent injury or the natural ripening procedure, after achieving the age of mid-twentiess our organic structure of course begins to have on out ( Kirwood, 1999 ) .Our ability to larn, see, travel around freely diminishes ( Keates A ; Clarkson, 2003 ) .Inclusive design is borne out of and physiques on an earlier attacks to plan for chiefly disabled and aged people with focal point on entree to the built environment. ( Coleman et al. , 2007 ) . The demand of visit-ability The demand of the construct of visit-ability is turning quickly on a planetary graduated table. Each state is endeavoring to implement the rudimentss, in order to do lodging and public infinites accessible to all, without any signifier of favoritism. Harmonizing to Rocky Marcoux, the commissioner for the section of metropolis development, metropolis of Milwaukee, W1 â€Å"when people have to go forth the vicinity because their house no longer meets their demand, its unneeded. It is a forced migration in a sense† . The laminitis of concrete alteration, Eleanor Smith in one of her aberrant bases on the necessity for lodging being accessible to all stated flatly and decidedly that â€Å"when we build houses, the houses are non meant to be habited by inanimate things but by homo who are likely be at that place for hundred old ages, more besides these things hurt cipher and they help a batch of people.† As population of the Earth additions and a high proportion of the public ages. There will certainly be an increase in demand, each state closes her rank and file in seeing to the turning demand and need for accomplishing inclusive lodging and community design through the acceptance of the construct of visit-ability. The demand of a visit able houses is lifting and a batch of states are traveling toward this way, in seeing to implementing bing handiness Torahs and implementing the execution of the Torahs. Though, as most of developed states strives to do up an environment that, is accessible to all without any signifier of prejudice. Some still lacks behind, United States of America, United Kingdom, Canada, Sweden, France, Norway are all in the frontline of this run but Norway is in front of other states of the Earth on the execution of accessible and inclusive design down to the community degree ( Bringa 2001 ; Smith et al. , 2007 ) . Regulation and Principle of Visit-ability Harmonizing to Walton d. Dutcher Jr. the Visit-ability Ordinance is a sensible thrust to necessitate minimal entree to places built with fiscal aid provided by the City. However, an embracing social position would be that anything less than an inclusive lodging and an accessible environment is, by default, discriminatory and biased. The visit-ability regulation requires all new places to be built with at least one entryway with no measure, and doors at least 32 inches broad. It besides requires, lever door grips, reinforced walls in ground-floor bathrooms so as to do it easier for an resident to put in grab bars, and the switches should non be any higher than 48 inches, and the Hallways should be 36 inches broad throughout the full chief floor. A visit-able house is non compulsory designated to hold the entire grade of handiness required by a awful disablement individual, it intentions is to make a place for anyone and to render basic entree features for all. The three fundamental rules of the construct of visit-ability are some cardinal characteristics of entree for all. New lodging units can be achieved at low cost, if implement at the earlier phase of building and good design are practised. Access and liveability for all is a civil right and a platform to better qualities of life and a limited figure of important characteristics will turn the magnitude of handiness comparable to a more across-the-board list of features. ( Maisel, 2006 ) . Challenges and Success of Visit-ability There are certain bing and recognised challenges to implementing visit-ability. From the place builders point of position, they have some frights and expostulations to the construct and rule of visit-ability, while some see it that it should be a voluntary action, others feels that it must be compulsory. ( National Association of Home Builders ( NAHB ) , 2003 ) . NAHB ( 2003 ) argues that the end-users ( place purchasers ) should be at autonomy to prefer the type of houses they want, non to be limited or constrained to accept characteristics they do non desire or necessitate now. Critics query the legality of regulations, cost of the plan and the practicableness of execution. The house builder ground that beside, the menace of the misdemeanor on place owners’ rights, accomplishing inclusive lodging and community design is excessively expensive and more besides negate architectural aesthetic qualities of a house ( Lawlor 2004 ; Myzek 1998 ) . Second, from the advocates’ positions, which antagonises the builders’ statement, that place builder non frequently request visit-ability and alteration should be reliable wholly on a free market system. They contend that most of place purchaser are non aware of the visit-ability motion and do non cognize that they could inquire for the basic visit-ability characteristics when constructing a new house. The advocators believes that the builders try to accommodate and fulfill themselves entirely by trying to determine the market to their ain belief and instead than merely reacting to the turning demands and demands of the market. ( State Building News, 2006 ) . The possible obstructions to the credence of new visit-ability plan are heighten by the deficiency of visit-able houses being built in communities that have long adopted the universal and inclusive design attacks. Several broad and specific policy issues embracing the construct of visit-ability must be harmonised to guarantee future success of accomplishing inclusive lodging and community design scheme. With consideration to these challenges, the visit-ability motion continues to come on, some of the indicant are the emerging measures, Torahs, federal, provinces Acts of the Apostless, public and bookmans outcry. As more people are being confronted with barriers in serviceability and handiness of their places, visit-ability references their demands and demands. Significance of Visit-ability These study works is to advance and construct on an inclusive design and community action undertakings that enhances the integrating of visit ­- ability lodging system. It is the believe that the development and acceptance of the construct of visit-ability toward inclusive lodging and community design is polar for everyone and more particularly, as it is in line with the aims of cosmopolitan design. One of the calculation and dramatic forces of construct of visit-ability toward accomplishing accessible lodging is that, it flexible, gives chances for the public to entree their friends, household members and neighbors and thereby, doing it useable and livable for all. Modern schemes for incorporating handiness characteristic are lifting. One of such is the compatibility and workability of the construct of visit-ability, inclusive and cosmopolitan design attack. The inclusion of basic entree at the start of building, reduces waste of resources, clip and energy dissipated, which could be needed for remodelling and house resettlement. Thus makes inventing vicinities designs inclusive, sustainable, marketable and low-cost. The mark of visit-ability differs from both entire handiness and cosmopolitan design but what is paramount is that on a short term agencies. Visit-ability is applicable and cheaper because the basic characteristic of visit-ability are integrated at the early phase of building. The purposes of visit-ability is great, it promotes the ability to age in one’s personal house, besides person has the ability to see 1s neighbour and presume an built-in portion of the community. Physical disablement issues, as more of civil and human right concerns, there are some bing and sensed obstructions to follow through visit-ability. As such it will be impossible for all the turning public to hold a positive attitude about their ability to remain on in their several places, as they ages, except if some of the bing barriers, Torahs and provinces limitations are looked into by the jurisprudence shapers. How to cite The Concept of Visit-Ability in terms of Disabled Building Access, Essay examples

Assignment On Commercial Law (IRAC Method) - Click to Get Sample Solut

Question - Use the IRAC (Issue, Rule, Application Conclusion) method to answer below given question? Mark, Peter and Mary were out on a Saturday night celebrating the successful formation of a new business venture. They went to a special restaurant up in the hills, Hilltop Point, to mark this occasion. After a great night of eating and drinking, they decided to continue their party at Watchout Point, a scenic hilltop spot with a spectacular view of the city. On their way, they stopped at a bottle shop to buy 2 bottles of premium French champagne. Does The Intricacy of The Topic Intimidate You? Tame Your Fear with Unmatched Assignment Help Services from Professional Writers. When they reached Watchout Point, they parked the car at the car park which was located at the top of the cliff. There was a 2 meter fence to prevent people from going beyond that point as it was not far away from the cliff edge. There were no warning signs but the cliff was very visible. Anyone can very clearly see the cliffs. In fact, the cliff was part of this beautiful scenery which attracted visitors. At first, the trio sat in the car and chatted and drank champagne. As the night progressed Peter, who had too much to drink, got out of the car and dared the others to climb over the fence and walk to the edge of the cliff. While the others were reluctant, Peter climbed over the fence and walked to the edge of the cliff. He lost his balance and fell off the cliff and broke his leg. Peter wishes to sue the Willow Council who is responsible for Watchout Point. What must Peter do to establish a breach of duty by Willow Council? Is Peter likely to succeed in establishing such a breach? Give reasons for your answer. The champagne bottle that the trio purchased had a very special kind of cap. Instead of the usual cork held in place by wire, it had a metal cap and a cork stopper. Mark opened the cap and tried to pour the champagne into a glass. When nothing came out he shook the bottle a little. The cork stopper suddenly ejected and hit Marks nose. He sustained a blood nose and was in pain for 3 weeks. There wasnt any warning anywhere in the bottle about this kind of cap. This sort of cap is very common in France and used by most French wineries. Mark wishes to sue the wine company. Will he succeed? What must he establish? Answer - There are two issues in the present case which need to be decided. The first issue is if the Willow Council can be held liable for the injuries suffered by Peter. Peter has broken his leg when he fell off from the cliff from the Watch out Point when he was celebrating the success of their business ventures with Mark and Mary. Therefore the question arises if it can be established that Willow Council is liable under the law of negligence for the injuries suffered by Peter. For this purpose, it needs to be seen if Willow Council had taken all reasonable steps due to which the people may be prevented from falling off from that point. Briefly speaking, the issue is related with the duty of care and if Willow Council owes such a duty towards Peter. There is another issue in the present case that is related with champagne manufacturers liability towards Mark. Mark was hit by the cork stopper of the bottle and his nose started to bleed when Mark was opening the bottle. In this case, the bot tle had an unusual cap and no warning was present on the bottle to warn the persons opening the bottle. Rule: in order to decide the liability of Willow Council towards Peter, first of all, it has to be seen if the council owes a duty of care towards Peter and at the same time, it also needs to be established that such duty has been breached by the Council (Greatlakes Shire Council v. Dederer, 2006). In this regard, the law also requires that the injuries suffered by the claimant should be directly caused by the breach of duty and in this way, the injuries can be said to be a reasonable result of the acts of the defendant. Usually in such cases, the parties take recourse to the duty of care for claiming compensation (Wyong Shire Council V. Shirt, 1980). The doctrine related with the duty of care provides that a party can be liable towards the other party in some cases under the law of negligence. The leading case in this regard is that of Donoghue v Stevenson (1932) where Lord Atkins discussed the neighborhood principle. In this regard, Lord Atkins mentioned in this case that a party h as to take reasonable care to avoid the acts or omissions that may cause an injury to the neighbor of such party. The court tries to see in this type of cases if the parties were in a reasonably approximate relationship. At the same time, the court also sees if the loss of the damage suffered by the claimant was caused by the act or omission of the other party and such loss or damage was reasonably foreseeable. Another requirement in this regard is that the risks should be of such a nature that under similar circumstances, such a risk could have been reasonably foreseen by any other reasonable person (Greatlakes Shire Council v. Dederer, 2006). Another requirement for establishing the duty of care is to see if it would be reasonable under the circumstances that a duty of care is imposed by the court on the defendant in a given case. The concept of duty of care was discussed by the court in Blyth v Birmingham Waterworks Co. (1856) where it was mentioned that the negligence of the defendant needs to be decided with the help of standard of reasonable person. In this way, it cannot be said that the defendant was negligent if the defendant had taken all the reasonable precautions and therefore it can be said that the conduct of the defendant was according to the standard of care of any of the reasonable person. Another significant case in this regard is that of Caparo Industries v Dickman (1990). In this case, the test for deciding the duty of care was provided by the court. According to this test, in order to establish the duty of care of the defendant, it has to be considered if the injury or the loss of the claimant was caused by the conduct of the defendant and such injury or loss was reasonably foreseeable. Another requirement is that there should be sufficiently proximate relationship. This means that under the circumstances of the case, they are considered as neighbors. It is also required in such cases if imposing liability on the defendant would be just and fair (Keenan, 2007). The legal position is that generally a duty of care is not owned by the defendant if all the reasonable steps have been taken that were required to prevent or reduce the harm that may be suffered by the other party due to such conduct. But if a potentially dangerous situation has been created even without any fault of a person, the duty of care provides that such a person should have taken all reasonable steps in order to make sure that any other person does not suffer a loss or injury. It also needs to be noted and in this regard that a person can be held responsible for breaching the duty of care for only an omission also. Similarly if there is a previous relationship between them, it can be said that the defendant has breached the duty of care. In this regard it also leads to be noted that in some cases, a statute may also impose such a relationship on the parties (Sappideen et al, 2009). The second issue in this case is related with the liability of the champagne manufacturer as Mark was hit by the cork stopper of the bottle. In its decision in Donoghue v Stevenson, it was stated by the court that the tort of negligence is an individual tort in itself. Civil action can be taken by the plaintiff if the negligence of the defendant has resulted in a loss or injury to the plaintiff. But prior to the decision of the court in Donoghue v Stevenson, it was necessary for the plaintiff to prove that a contractual agreement was present between the parties for establishing negligence. But in this case, the drink was not purchased by the plaintiff and therefore the plaintiff and defendant were not in a contractual relationship. Despite this situation, the manufacturer was held to be liable for negligence. Therefore, it has been firmly established that a duty of care is owned by the manufacturers towards their ultimate consumers. Application: Mark, Peter and Mary had consumed champagne while celebrating their business venture at Watchout Point. After drinking champagne, Peter walks towards the edge and asked others to do so but Martin may remain in the car. On reaching the edge of the cliff, Peter loses his balance and falls off. Due to the fall, Peter suffers injuries and also breaks his leg. But it needs to be noted in this case that the Willow Council had erected a 2 m high fence so that the visitors to the Watchout Point can be prevented from going near the edge. Although warning signs have not been installed by the Council at that point but declared was clearly visible to the visitors. The pledge was in fact a part of the enchanting scenery due to which a number of visitors were attracted to that place. Therefore the question arises if it is possible for Willow Council to install warning signs at all the places where there could be a danger of falling off. At the same time, as a result of the limited resources of the Council, it needs to be seen what can be reasonably done by the Council to prevent people from falling off that place and had the Council taken all those steps in this case. There is also the issue of champagne manufacturer's liability for the injury suffered by Mark by the cork stopper of the bottle. The legal position in this regard is that it is the duty of the manufacturers to warn the consumers and such duty should be reasonably discharged by them. In the present case, it was the duty of the champagne manufacturer to inform the ultimate consumers that the bottle has peculiar cap and therefore a person may be injured if it is not handled properly. But in the present case, the manufacturer of premium French champagne has not mentioned any warning on the bottle of champagne. Therefore, while opening the bottle, the cork stopper hit Mark and he had a bloody nose. On the basis of the above mentioned law and its application to the facts of the present case, it can be said that the duty of care has been discharged by Willow Council towards Peter. Therefore, it cannot be said that the council is liable for the injuries suffered by Peter. The reason behind this conclusion is that the Council has taken all reasonable precautions in this case to prevent the people from falling off the cliff. On the other hand, the second issue in this case that deals with the champagne manufacturer's liability, it can be stated that the manufacturer of premium when champagne can be held liable for the breach of duty of care as the ultimate consumers of the champagne were not warned that the bottle contained a particular cap which could injure the consumers while opening it, if it is not handled properly. As a result, it can be said in this case that Mark can be successful if he decides to initiate action against the wine company. References Keenan (2007) Smith Keenan's English Law (15th edn), Pearson Longman Sappideen, Vines, Grant Watson, 2009, Torts: Commentary and Materials, Lawbook Co, 10th ed, pp. 374-5 Case Law Blyth v Birmingham Waterworks Co (1856) 11 Ex 781 Caparo Industries Plc v. Dickman (1990) 2 AC 605 Donoghue v Stevenson (1932) AC 562 Greatlakes Shire Council v. Dederer Anor [2006] NSWCA 101 Overseas Tankship v. Morts Dock Engineering Co., Ltd. [1961] AC 388 (Wagon Mound case) Wyong Shire Council V. Shirt [1980] HCA 12; 146 CLR 40

The Role of Supply Chain Risk Management in Ensuring Smooth Functioning

Introduction A number of issues such as changes in product design, branding and employee are likely to cause risks that threaten supply chain. Risk management in this field is a fundamental activity at the executive level in most organizations.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Role of Supply Chain Risk Management in Ensuring Smooth Functioning specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Several studies have developed various models and theories that attempt to provide an explanation of the need for supply chain management in reducing risks. The purpose of this paper is to review and analyze some research articles from various authors with an aim of exploring theories and models developed over the last few decades. Model and theory analysis: Review of research Lin and Zhou (2011) carried out a study to address the impact that product design changes have on supply chain, with a special focus on the risks involved. Using a case study, the researchers developed some concepts that attempt to explain how supply chain runs under risks when the product design changes significantly. The theory attempts to show that such changes predispose an organization to a number of risks in supply, policy and delivery. Moreover, this theory suggests that change in product design leads to an array of risks at the internal level, which in this case involves research and design, production, planning, organization and information. This theory seems to indicate that any change in the product design that may have a significant impact on the customer and retailer’s perception of a product is likely to expose the supply chain system to these risks, which means that both customer-requested and company-initiated change in product design exposes the supply chain system to these risks. Using an in-depth longitudinal case study, Khan, Christopher and Burnes (2012 examined the impact of product design on the supply chain risk. The case study was based on a major cloth retailer in the United Kingdom. The researchers aimed to address the questions associated with the increasingly important issues of the impact of product design on the risks involved in supply chain management. The case study leads to a concept that was used to explain the impact of product design in the supply chain and the associated risks. The researchers theorize that risk management in supply chain is heavily dependent on the product design, where recognition of a design is a creative function of managing risks. In addition, the theory attempts to show that recognizing product design is a fundamental platform, on which risks are managed with ease and effectiveness.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This concept attempts to show that recognition of product design must be one of the major activities as well as requirements for risk management at the executive level. In addition, this theory seems to have closer association with the theory developed by Lin and Zhou (2011), as both of them emphasize on the need to consider product design as one aspect or factor that may lead to risks as well as effective management of risks in the supply chain. Christopher and Peck have attempted to present a good analysis on how supply chain management can effectively control risks by building a resilient supply chain system. Although the research is an analysis of findings rather than an empirical study, it provides the reader with some important theories that attempt to explain how product design impacts the supply chain in modern organizations. An important model developed in this article is the argument that building a resilient supply chain depends on a number of features that can be engineered into the supply chain to improve resilience. Among these factors is the need to focus on product design, which should be incorpor ated into the general designing for the supply chains in organizations. In addition, the concept argues that product design plays a major role in the process of understanding the supply chain and its structure. According to the article, products are the major aspect of a supply process, which means that their nature and impact on the whole process are fundamental. Therefore, failure to focus on product design when engineering supply chains is likely to involve risks that threaten the integrity and effectiveness of a supply chain management in a globalized business environment. This theory is important in providing some background information on the need to focus on product design when managing and engineering supply chains. In fact, it shows the important role that product design plays in mitigating risks in supply chains. The article by Chopra and Sodhi (2005) is based on real-life examples of how risk management in supply chain poses threats to the business process in a modern bus iness environment. The authors used two cases in which an electricity supply plant operated by Royal Philips Electronics in Albuquerque, New Mexico, was hit by a lightning in 2000. The massive surge the impact of the lightning caused at the grid started a fire that completely destroyed the plant’s microchips. Nokia Corporation was one of the major customers of the Royal Philips at the time. The impact of the lightning caused a massive reduction in the number of microchips at the Royal Philips stock, which made corporations like Nokia and others find it difficult to deal with the company.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Role of Supply Chain Risk Management in Ensuring Smooth Functioning specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More However, it is worth noting that Nokia Corporation had more than one supplier in its supply chain strategy, which made it possible to switch from ordering chips from the Royal Philips on a temporary base. This proved effective in risk mitigation. On the other hand, the authors compared this situation with the impact of the problem at Telefon AB Ericsson Corporation, another major customer of the Royal Philips Corporation. This company had a single provider of chips in its supply chain. The company suffered from the problem, which led to a complete shut down of operations until the Royal Philips resumed production. From the two examples, the authors attempt to develop a theory, in which they explain the need for an effective design in the supply chain system. In this theory, the authors argue that corporations that use multiple designs for a product that is either sold or outsourced are likely to mitigate the risks involved when one product line or design is affected by any problem that may arise. In other words, this theory hypothesizes that multiple supply chain designs are more effective in risk management and mitigation than single-design supply chains. Supply c hain management in the process of supplying and delivering high risk products such as oil and gas proves to be one of the most crucial aspects of managers in these corporations. In fact, high risk but, at the same time, high profitable oil and gas production and supply provide a good example of how risk management in the supply chain can be enhanced with product design. Vosooghi, Fazli and Mavi (2012) used this example to develop additional concept of product design and its impact on supply chain management in the oil supply industry. The researchers use the fuzzy analytical hierarch process (FAHP) to weigh and analyze the risks related to crude oil supply chain. The study, carried in Iran, developed some theory that can be used to explain how risks can effectively be managed and mitigated in crude oil supply process. This model argues that regulation and environmental risks as well as cooperation polices can be viewed from a design perspective. Although the theory does not deal wit h product design, the conclusions made in the article indicate that the way, in which the product is designed, usually influences the effectiveness of risk management in the supply chain.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The aerospace industry is another high-risk field that requires attention when studying risk management and product design. Sinha, Whitman and Malzahn (2004) developed a study, in which they aimed at explaining how risk management can be effected in aerospace industry. The researchers argue that most of the supply chain systems involve a single supplier, which is likely to increase risks involved. Therefore, risk management proves to be an important area of management in companies that adopt this system. The researchers’ aim was to develop a model that can mitigate risks in supply chains adopted by aerospace companies. The results of the study have provided some models that can be used to mitigate risks in these companies. According to the study, IDEF0 concept is a model that mitigates risks in the aerospace supply chains. The model has five stages: risk identification, risk assessment, planning, and failure analysis and continuous improvement. Although this model focuses on a number of issues, it is worth noting that the design of the products in the supply chain system is a fundamental aspect of the model. Tang (2007) published an article that explains the risks involved in supply chains and how they can be managed with effectiveness even during crisis. The researcher develops a model that attempts to show how supply chain managers can enhance the supply chain to navigate through major disruptions whenever they occur. According to this model, inherent fluctuations are the first aspect that increases the risks, which implies that they should be the first issues to address in management. Secondly, the model indicates that corporations must design and reengineer their supply chain systems to enhance resilience and the ability to withstand the impacts of major disruptions. In addition, the model indicates that enhancing residence is strongly linked to the process of retaining apprehensive customers. Goh, Lim and Meng (2007) developed a study, in which the y attempted to develop a model for enhancing risks management in globalized supply chain networks. The study, carried out in Singapore, provided a scholastic model that indicates the need for risk management in supply chain to reduce the threats involved in globalized organizations.The model, known as multi-stage global supply chain network, incorporates a number of supply chain aspects in a globalized business system. For instance, it considers a new focus on related risks such as supply, demand, disruption and exchange as the most important areas of focus in managing risks. In addition, the model provides a new solution methodology that makes use of Moreau-Yosida regulation, design and logarithm that enhances the process of risk management and mitigation in diagnosing risk associated problems in globalized and multi-staged networks. Although this model is difficult to implement, it is highly effective in managing and mitigating risks in supply chains. Sheffi (2001) takes a differe nt approach to developing a model for risk management and mitigation in supply chains. In this article, Sheffi (2001) takes an example of risks posed by terrorism as a major threat to modern supply chain systems. The author analyzes the companies that were affected by the 9/11 terrorist attacks in the US. Using several examples, the researcher develops a model for explaining the importance of supply chain management in risk mitigation. This model focuses on two issues. First, it argues that corporations must adopt strategies to set certain operational redundancies in order to enhance their preparedness for risks. Secondly, it focuses on reduction of reliability on lead time and certain demand scenarios. The model suggests that private public partnership is the best way, trough which companies can organize themselves into networks that will enhance risk management and mitigation. In 2007, American corporations IBM, KPMG and ACE sponsored a study with an aim of revealing the best prac tice for managing risks in supply chains. The researching institute, the Economic Intelligence Unit, developed a comprehensive study and a report that show their hypothesized model for managing supply chain risks in the modern concept. In its simplest form, the model suggests that risk management is a discipline that has moved from loss avoidance to assume a new position as the key contributor to market advantage. According to the model, this is achieved through improved corporate reputation and better stand among the companies with the role of oversight such as rating industries. In addition, the model hypothesizes that risk management in supply chains has become an area that needs both technology and workmanship, because ideas must be generated, devised and implemented. In addition, it indicates that technology is an additional source of risk for supply chains, especially at a time when supply of products has gone virtual thanks to the internet technology. However, the author†™s model does not imply that technology should be avoided. Rather, it suggests that technology and workmanship should be integrated to provide the best method for mitigating and managing risks in supply chains. Conclusion From this analysis, a number of aspects should be noted. For instance, the models developed over the years to enhance risk management in supply chains tend to focus on the product, product delivery and internal aspects of the management. They incorporate the ideas of understanding the risks, developing prior knowledge of the risks, ensuring everyone is involved, company-company or company-public sector relations and the use of technology. Although the models are different, most of them attempt to show that supply chain is one of the areas of corporate management that runs under high risks due to the link between the company and other parties in its supply chain system. Therefore, changes in product design, branding and employees are likely to cause risks that thr eaten supply chain. Risk management in this field is a fundamental activity at the executive level in most organizations. These models/theories have attempted to provide an explanation of the need for supply chain management in reducing risks. References Chopra, S Sodhi, M, 2005, â€Å"Managing Risk To Avoid Supply-Chain Breakdown†, MIT Sloan Management Review, vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 53-64. Christopher, M Peck, H, 2004, â€Å"Building the resilient supply chain†, International Journal of Logistics Management, vol. 15, no. 2, pp. 1-13, Economist Intelligence Unit, 2007, Best practice in risk management: A function comes of age, Economist Intelligence Unit, New York Goh, M, Limb, J Meng, 2007, â€Å"A stochastic model for risk management in global supply chain networks†, European Journal of Operational Research, vol. 182, no. 1, pp. 164–173 Khan, O, Christopher, M Burnes, B, 2012, â€Å"The impact of product design on supply chain risk: a case study†, International Journal of Physical Distribution Logistics Management, vol. 38 no. 5, pp. 412-432 Lin, Y Zhou, L, 2011, â€Å"The impacts of product design changes on supply chain risk: a case study†, International Journal of Physical Distribution Logistics Management, vol. 41, no. 2, pp. 162-186 Sheffi, Y, 2001, â€Å"Supply Chain Management under the Threat of International Terrorism†, International Journal of Logistics Management, vol. 12, no. 2, pp. 1 – 11 Sinha, PR, Whitman, LE Malzahn, D, 2004, â€Å"Methodology to mitigate supplier risk in an aerospace supply chain†, Supply chain management: An international journal, vol.9, no. 2, pp. 154-168. Tang, C, 2007, â€Å"Robust strategies for mitigating supply chain disruptions†, International Journal of Logistics Research and Applications: A Leading Journal of Supply Chain Management, vol. 9, no.1, pp. 34-56. Vosooghi, M, Fazli, S Mavi, R, 2012, â€Å"Crude Oil Supply Chain Risk Management wit h Fuzzy Analytic Hierarchy Process†, American Journal of Scientific Research, vol. 12, no. 46, pp. 34-42 This essay on The Role of Supply Chain Risk Management in Ensuring Smooth Functioning was written and submitted by user Brodie J. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

vbou Essays

vbou Essays vbou Essay vbou Essay History has shown America that with a strong leader national and international aspiration could formulate. The foreign politics of our founding fathers where the base to the growth of America. These decisions made in the past by George Washington, Thomas Jefferson and James Monroe could have determined how we work internationally today. Yet even through big oversea problems our Presidents pulled through to the US team. For example when the war broke out in 1793 between France and Britain George Washington chooses to stay neutral. Being neutral was picked due to their recovery from the Revolutionary war. It finally ended but the British were under watch in the Ohio River valley. To keep America harms way George Washington sent John J to make a treaty to keep away the British. America got to know this as the Jays Treaty. This for a short time restored the peace we once had. Thomas Jefferson tried to follow in the footsteps of Washington but could not. The French and British were at it again. For years America had import export deals with both counties but that was coming to an end. The Embargo Act was put in place to stop trade with America. With this act in place the French and British egan to siege ships. This made it very hard to stay neutral. Jefferson had to come up with a plan quickly or else Americans would have to be faced with another war. To solve this issue the intercourse act was established. This act restored trade with all nations. It said that James Monroe had the toughest foreign policies. One example is when European nations tried to go to South America and increase the size of their empire and he prevents this from happening. He strictly instructed that Europe had to stay away from South America and allow them to colonize themselves. The Irony of this event resulted in the Adams-Onis Treaty which gave America Florida and outlined the Mississippi River. This also expanded future importing and exporting of materials from Spain. George Washington, Thomas Jefferson and James Monroe had the most successful foreign politics of their time. Even after everything the happened these Presidents stayed strong and stopped issue in their tracks. Thanks to these men this era succeeded. They are had different ways of doing things but in the end they were seen as successful Presidents.

Billie Holiday and her influence on Jazz Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Billie Holiday and her influence on Jazz - Essay Example The way she sang was completely new to the genre of Jazz at that time and her contributions are still followed by Jazz musicians in today’s time period. There are several legends and myths regarding the personal as well as her life as a musician. Even though she was surrounded with several scandals and was in trouble for a major portion of her life, he life experiences became the real inspiration of her music. The huge amount of contributions she made to Jazz music can never be forgotten. She can easily be said to have been the one who made major transformations to the way Jazz music was being practiced during her time. If a survey of modern Jazz history is conducted, the survey would prove that the Jazz music that is experienced in current times was her innovation. When she started practicing jazz music, there were hardly any jazz musicians who were personalizing their own tunes. There were only a few singers at her time who were singing different from rest of the singers. These singers were not a part of the Jazz music industry. These singers were representative of the Blues genre of music. One of these singers was Bessie Smith wh o along with another great Jazz singer and trumpeter named Louis Armstrong influenced Billie Holiday’s Jazz music (Henderson 295). During her early life she was singing most of the songs that were quite popular. She found this form of music quite monotonous and she started experimenting with her music. During her experiments she altered both the melody as well as the rhythm of the songs. To create her own music, she started phrasing music in relation to the beat and she even included different harmonies that were played by some of her personal favorite horn players including Louis Armstrong (Henderson 295). This mixture of music and experimentation resulted in the development of music that was regarded as magical. Current Jazz musicians use their own vocals as instruments for songs.

Causes of building collapes Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 2

Causes of building collapes - Term Paper Example This means that as long as there are natural disasters, the risk of building collapse will continue to be recorded. This point is made against the backdrop that in most cases of natural disasters such as earthquakes and tsunamis, almost all types of buildings collapse including short buildings and skyscrapers alike. What this teaches is that natural disasters perhaps have the worse effect or impact on building collapse. Having said this, it would also be appreciated that even when an ordinary building and skyscraper all fall, the impact that will be created in the two can never be said to be the same. This is because the extent of loss that will be recorded with the falling of a skyscraper in terms of lives and property will certainly be more than what will be recorded with a shorter building. What this teaches is that as far as natural disasters as cause of building collapse are concerned, it is important to ensure that areas that are noted to be disaster prone will not be clustered with skyscrapers and other tall buildings. Using the 27 February 2010 Chile tsunami as an example, Palermo et al (2013) made a new revelation on the extent of resilience that different buildings endure in the case of natural disasters such as tsunamis. The outcome of the tsunami revealed that there are two major types of buildings which are engineered buildings and non-engineered buildings. These categories are found in both high-rise buildings and shorter buildings. In the case of engineered residential buildings, natural disasters such as tsunamis are found to have very minimal impact. This is because such modern engineered buildings generally exhibit high levels of resilience to the disasters, being affected only in areas of non-structural components. On the other hand, not the same can be said of non-engineered buildings, especially residential buildings. This is because with such buildings, the impacts of natural disasters are not only experienced with

Connecting idea Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Connecting idea - Essay Example For instance, in the lives of Muslims, the use of the veil and hijab among women, has changed from time to time as they tried to survive in their communities. Along with this change was also the obvious adaptation in the commonly used English language. Such changes in the use of the veil and hijab as well as the English language will be discussed in more detail in the following paragraphs. In our world today, it is not uncommon to hear Muslim women being terrorized by non-Muslims saying that they are terrorists. For example, in the speech of Hafsah Badru Amirah, president of Muslim Students Society in Nigeria during the World Hijab Day in February, she reminded her audience that one of the reasons for the celebration is in remembrance of a Muslim woman stabbed to death in a German court for no other reason than wearing a hijab (Amirah). Hebah and Sarah, sisters from a Muslim family who migrated to America from Egypt, tell about their experiences about using the veil and hijab. They share about how people have always been fascinated by their way of dressing and how they have been threatened by strangers simply by the way they looked. For the non-Muslim who feels threatened by the presence of a Muslim woman wearing a hijab, it should be understood that such fear is also felt by the woman inside the strange costume. Nevertheless, that is not always the case so Muslims no w have differing opinions about their traditional clothing. For Hebah and Sarah, it is not a statement of their religion but it is their desire to obey Allah that they use hijab even in the face of dangers. However, in a world where they feel their sexuality is abused in a male-dominated workplace like in the case of Hebah, she feels the need to use the hijab as her way of saying, â€Å"I am a respectable woman† (Ali). Although there are Muslim women like Hebah and Sarah who would rather suffer the consequences of using

Effects Domestic Violence Has On Old People Social Work Essay

Effects Domestic Violence Has On Old People Social Work Essay Introduction Domestic violence Domestic abuse as earlier discussed is a form of abuse which is leveled against members of a family or people who have an intimate relationship. There are different forms of domestic violence and these include emotional abuse, physical abuse, sexual abuse, economic deprivation or intimidation. Very few cases of domestic abuse are reported due to fear of reprisal from the perpetrator. This makes it difficult to ascertain the exact number of victims of domestic abuse. However, in the US, 10% or 32 million people are affected by domestic abuse. Phases of domestic violence There are three major faces of domestic violence and these are the honeymoon, tension building and acting-out phases. The honeymoon phase is the first phase and the perpetrator of violence apologizes and gives affection after committing a violent act. She or he feels sad and remorseful after committing violence. The next stage is the tension building stage and in this stage, the victims begin building fear and have tension whenever the batterer becomes angry. There is poor communication and victims try to calm perpetrators down in order to avoid confrontations which may turn violent. The third stage is the acting out phase and in this stage, the perpetrator hardly feels remorse for violent acts. The batterer becomes abusive and violent, in attempts to dominate over the victim. Violence against the elderly There has been an increase in cases of violence against the elderly. The abuse of the elderly has grown into a criminal justice and public health concern due to increase in cases. The elderly are seen as vulnerable and weak, and this makes them easy targets for perpetrators of elderly violence. Various forms of elderly violence will be discussed and these include physical abuse, economic abuse, emotional abuse and sexual abuse. It is important to note that a few cases of elderly abuse take place unintentionally, and are usually as a result of attempts to protect the elderly people. In such cases, the elderly may be forced to join homes or relieve themselves of responsibilities which other members of society view as too difficult to them. They may be forced to delegate leadership in companies or political systems due to the perception that they are too old to effectively perform their duties. This may leave them feeling depressed, isolated and demoralized (Cohn et. al., 2002). However , most of the cases of elderly abuse are done intentionally in order to have dominance over the perceived weaker age group. Causes of domestic and elderly abuse There are different theories which explain reasons which drive people to commit these types of violence. Some of them will be discussed below; Psychological theory Psychological disorders account for the largest proportion of domestic violence cases. In fact, more than 81% of cases of domestic violence are linked to psychological disorders especially the psychopathology disorders (Dutton, 2006). Psychopathology disorders affect the mental and personality behaviors of victims. People with this disorder exhibit poor impulse control, bursts of anger and low self esteem. People with psychopathology disorders are likely to project their anger at people around them, and these are family members, spouses and the elderly. This leads to domestic and elderly abuse in the long run if people with these disorders do not seek treatment. Social theory There are different social theories which explain domestic violence. These theories explain that socialization and the environment may influence a person to commit domestic abuse. For instance, social learning is seen to be one of the factors which lead to abuse. Social learning involves imitation of actions of people around us. If a family experiences domestic abuse, children who are raised in such a family may commit abuse in future since they view it as normal in family settings (Shipway, 2004). Stress is also another factor which may lead to commission of domestic violence. When a person has stress, she or he may project their anger at those around them. Spouses, children, the elderly and other family members may suffer from domestic violence if stressed people project their anger on them. Resource and dependency theories These theories explain reasons which make women susceptible to domestic abuse stay in abusive marriages. They explain that in cases where the wife or husband is dependent on the other spouse for economic well-being, it is difficult for them to leave abusive marriages. Victims are unable to leave since they believe that they cannot survive without the assistance of the other spouse. This is especially seen in relationships where one spouse has greater power than the other. This makes it possible for him or her to manipulate the other partner into living with domestic abuse. Power and control Many abusive relationships occur after one partner or family member attempts to dominate over the other. Spouses, especially men, use violence as a means of dominating over the other partner. Such dominance may arise out of low self esteem, childhood experiences, insecurity, and stress, resentment towards women or men amongst other causes. Spouses who are bullied accept themselves as victims and the cycle of violence continues, until it is broken by separation, divorce or rehabilitation. This is also seen amongst the elderly, and some people abuse them as a means of control and dominance over them. Forms of domestic and elderly abuse Physical abuse This is a form of abuse where the perpetrator physically assaults or intimidates her or his victim. It may involve actions such as punching, striking, pulling, slapping, pushing, exposure to heat or cold, head-butting, strangling, kicking, whipping and others. These acts are performed to cause pain, intimidation or injury to the victim. Both domestic abuse and elderly abuse feature physical abuse since in both cases, the victims are perceived to be powerless by the perpetrators, and this allows them to physically dominate over them. Emotional abuse According to Johnson (2005), this abuse is meant to calculatingly injure the emotions of the victim. It includes humiliating victims publicly or privately, withholding information, controlling the victim, blackmail, isolation from family and friends or verbal abuse. This form of abuse may be difficult to detect and victims may realize that their partners dominate over them or control them only through the intervention of third parties. Victims who undergo emotional abuse may suffer from eating disorders, drug abuse or may attempt suicide. Emotional abuse is common in both domestic and in cases of elderly abuse. Economic abuse In this form of abuse, the perpetrator withholds resources or money from the victim in attempts to control their actions. Usually, the perpetrator has control over the resources and money, and withholding it is meant to force the victim to perform what the perpetrator wants in order to have access to the resources. This form of abuse is common in families where one spouse is economically dependent on the other. It is also common in cases where the elderly are dependent on their children or other people economically. The person who holds the resources deliberately manipulates victims into performing what she or he wants in order for them to have access to these resources. This creates dominance over them. Sexual abuse This is a form of abuse in which a person is forced to engage in sexual acts against their consent. This includes rape, degrading sexual activities and unsafe or unwanted sexual activities. Sexual abuse is more common in domestic violence than in cases of elderly violence although the latter has become common over the years. This form of abuse, just like physical abuse, is meant to dominate over the victim. How to prevent domestic and elderly abuse There are various steps which should be taken to reduce cases of domestic abuse and abuse against the elderly. These will be briefly discussed below; Legislation Legislation is a very effective deterrent to crime. Harsh sentences deter potential perpetrators of crime and reduce crime levels. Since domestic violence and violence against the elderly is a crime, harsh legislation should act as a deterrent to crime. Lawmakers should pass laws which give long prison sentences to people convicted of all forms of violence (Neil John, 2000). This will reduce the overall violence crime levels. Rehabilitation Rehabilitation can effectively treat people who have mental disorders which make them commit violence. Rehabilitation can also make a person who commits violent acts against others realize the harmful impacts to victims, and stop the vice (Hamel Nicholls, 2007). People who practice any form of abuse should be advised to seek counseling or rehabilitation aimed at encouraging them to change their attitude towards violence. This will enable them to be accepted back into society and to live with other members of society in harmony. Social services Governments should offer social services free of charge to victims of domestic and elderly abuse. According to Wilcox (2006), these services should include legal, medical, psychological and financial services which will ensure that they recover from the abuse and that the perpetrator is arrested and charged with the offence. The government should ensure that these victims reside in a safe place free from any form of violence. Public awareness campaigns This is among the most effective tools of fighting violence in society. The government and civil society should organize campaigns which are aimed at increasing awareness on domestic violence and violence against the elderly. These campaigns should encourage people to report such cases to law enforcement agencies. The campaigns should also provide potential victims with information about where they can access help in case they experience these forms of violence.

The Purpose of Education: Empowering Individuals Essay -- Philosophy o

Purpose of Education: Empowering Individuals Every now and then I think about my education from kindergarten through senior year of high school and I wonder where I would be and who I would be without it. I have realized that those thirteen years of my life were essential to my development as an individual, for they have shaped me into the person I am today. Education provides people with guidance and practical skills necessary in everyday life. For example, when we are purchasing something, we deal with money. Who do we owe the quick calculation we make as we pay for these items? Thanks to our first, second, and third grade teachers for teaching us to add, subtract, multiply, and divide at such a young age. The math skills we acquire at an age when we do not see the importance is something we carry with us throughout our lives. When driving a distance to visit a loved one, the street signs are very practical. What if we could not read? Thanks to our kindergarten teacher who started us off with reading the words â€Å"cat† and â€Å"dog.† Then we can thank the first grade and second grade teacher who taught us how to write sentences, for if we cannot make it to see our loved ones who live far away, we can write them a letter. The basic education that we are provided with in elementary school helps us to make it through a world which requires our mastery of basic skills. Yet, these basic skills are not enough, for we continue going to school after...

A critical analysis of the role and functioning of the World Trade Organisation (WTO) as it relates to Newland

Abstract This paper provides an analysis of the role and functioning of the World Trade Organisation (WTO) as it relates to Newland. Details about the WTO Agreement are presented as well as about the full impact of WTO membership. Positive and negative aspects of WTO membership are outlined in order to provide a relevant account of the role and impact of this international institution on the functioning of member states, including Newland. The paper also presents information about the traditional notion of state sovereignty and how the process of globalisation forces people to rethink this notion and replace it with the idea of welfare states. Introduction The World Trade Organisation (WTO) has been equally praised and criticised as a global institution which is responsible for the maintenance of trade between countries (Devuyst and Serdarevic, 2007). Representatives of different movements, such as Globaphile and Globaphobe, have introduced their arguments regarding the impact of WTO. Clarifying the purpose of WTO and the WTO Agreement is important to provide significant insights into the functioning of organisations in the field of global trade (Daemmrich, 2011). The objective of this paper is to critically analyse the role and functioning of WTO as it relates to Newland. Purpose of WTO and WTO Agreement The World Trade Organisation (WTO) emerged as an influential body in the global business environment. As an international organisation, WTO deals with the global principles of trade between different nations. The major function of WTO is to ensure that global trade relations are conducted in a free, proper and smooth manner (Devuyst and Serdarevic, 2007). The core of the system is represented by the nature of multilateral trade relations which have been specified as WTO’s agreements. The majority of trading countries is responsible for signing and negotiating these agreements. Some of the main agreements presented by this institution include Agreement on Agriculture (AoA), General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS) and Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS). Therefore, such agreements emerge as a solid legal foundation for international trade (Matsushita et al. 2006). As a result, member countries are guaranteed essential trade rights. In addition, national governments are required to maintain their trade policies within specific limits in order to comply with the interests of all global stakeholders (Devuyst and Serdarevic, 2007). The primary goal of WTO is to contribute to the improved welfare of the populations of the member countries. WTO is also responsible for providing a forum for negotiations among countries. It ensures the proper functioning of a dispute settlement mechanism (Devuyst and Serdarevic, 2007). Standards of living can substantially increase along with economic growth. Countries can achieve these objectives by allowing for the optimal use of global resources in line with the broader perspective of sustainable development (Matsushita et al., 2006). The core WTO rules and disciplines are about opening foreign markets for the benefit of multinationals, the EU and the United States. It would be in the interest of Newland to accept a series of new international obligations. It has been argued that WTO’s system for resolving trade disputes between member countries has achieved a substantial success (Van den Bossche and Zdouc, 2013). The WTO Agreement indicates the condition that each WTO member should ensure compliance with its laws and regulations. A significant part of the commitments in this sector refer to the issue of reviewing and appealing administrative decisions. The WTO Agreement will prevail over Newland’s Constitution in terms of requiring a revision of the country’s laws and regulations (Daemmrich, 2011). Newland’s laws should be consistent with the requirements specified by the WTO Agreement. For instance, Newland may consider the opportunity to create tribunals or relevant processes for the review of all administrative actions (Milner, 2005). The implementation of national treatment and conformity assessment is required to improve Newland’s courts. The country may confirm that all laws and legislative aspects or tools pertaining to WTO provisions may be adopted. It has been reflected in the literature that most constitutions enable central governments with an opportunit y to regulate trade and commerce relations with other nations (Devuyst and Serdarevic, 2007). Yet, the interpretation of these legal provisions remains challenging and unclear. The wide objective of the WTO Agreement has become a complex factor. Newland is expected to describe its constitutional arrangements and thus its WTO obligations need to be applied in a uniform manner throughout the country’s territory (Van den Bossche and Zdouc, 2013). Impact of WTO Membership The full impact of WTO membership reflects in the promotion of peace between countries, handling of dispute by applying constructive thinking and in the idea that rules are established easier for all members (Devuyst and Serdarevic, 2007). In addition, free trade tends to reduce the cost of living by providing a wide range of choices to consumers in terms of products and quality. Other significant effects that may improve the economic performance of Newland relate to extensive economic growth, increased national income and appropriate governance which adhere to solid legal principles and standards (Milner, 2005). WTO membership can help Newland present a balanced view of trade policy. The focus is on balance in the international economic and political system. As a result, the country’s government would be better placed to defend itself against lobbying practiced by narrow interest groups (Narlikar, 2005). Emphasis would be set on trade-offs that represent the interests of all stakeholders in the economy. Newland should be committed to an independent judicial review as part of WTO’s paradigm for the governance of legal principles (Devuyst and Serdarevic, 2007). It is important to improve the body of legislation and judicial interpretations which could be achieved through WTO membership. Notion of State Sovereignty and Impact of Globalisation The traditional notion of state sovereignty refers to a non-physical entity present at the international legal system which is dominated by one centralised government. In accordance with international law, state sovereignty indicates that a sovereign state should have a strictly defined territory, permanent population and one government (Milner, 2005). However, the process of globalisation forces individuals to rethink this concept. Globalisation has presented a dual impact on the sovereignty of states. The framework of human rights has outlined a sense of obligation of the state towards its citizens. Yet, as a result of globalisation, the social contract has a welfare component attached to it (Narlikar, 2005). The process of economic integration facilitated through the mechanisms of trade and development as well as WTO membership has limited the provision of policy options to states. In turn, this aspect has led to countries’ diminished capacity to meet the expected economic and legal obligations (Milner, 2005). For instance, such countries may encounter difficulties in complying with essential legal standards and principles in the global context. The traditional notion of state sovereignty has been replaced by growing understanding of nation states as welfare states. Such shift of perception has indicated that the focus on welfare is a leading element of the global concept of sovereignty. In other words, the idea of state sovereignty has been subjected to changes over time. The focus is on providing social security to the citizens of these states (Daemmrich, 2011). This may be the situation in the state of Newland. Economic globalisation has demonstrated an increased scope which reflected in the economic and legal functioning of Newland. Essential aspects of economic globalisation include the devaluation of currencies, strict regulation of capital markets and substantial public spending which has led to significant public deficits (Dhar, 2013). However, WTO membership can guarantee Newland better integration of its trade and legal system. The country may take proper risks, open up its fiscal market and determine its own polic y outcomes. In an attempt to provide the most reasonable course of action to Newland, it is essential to explore the negative effects associated with the country’s WTO membership. It has been stated that WTO is undemocratic, as this institution lacks transparency (Milner, 2005). The lack of transparency is a serious problem to countries considering the inappropriate mechanisms of governance undertaken by different states. The WTO rules are prepared for corporations that have an access to the negotiations. Moreover, WTO usually undertakes actions to privatise significant services, including education and health care. Another negative effect of WTO membership is that this international organisation undermines national sovereignty and local decision making (Dhar, 2013). An argument presented in this line is that developing countries are prevented from the opportunity to create local laws. It can be argued that developing countries are in a more unfavourable position with regards to the legal system compared to developed countries. The requirement of being internationally competitive poses significant challenges to WTO members (Devuyst and Serdarevic, 2007). That is why Newland should outweigh the advantages and negative effects associated with WTO membership in order to make an adequately informed decision. Conclusion The present paper analysed the role and functioning of WTO as it relates to Newland. Numerous arguments in favour and against WTO’s dominant role in international trade and development have been introduced (Narlikar, 2005). The prevailing function of the WTO Agreement has been discussed in the paper along with the full impact of WTO membership. Other important sections of the paper included the notion of state sovereignty and the impact of globalisation (Devuyst and Serdarevic, 2007). It has been argued that the process of globalisation has altered the way in which nation states function and regulate their trade. Yet, it has been concluded that Newland may benefit from WTO membership if it strictly adheres to essential economic and legal principles outlined by the international organisation. References Daemmrich, A. (2011). ‘The Evolving Basis for Legitimacy of the World Trade Organization: Dispute Settlement and the Rebalancing of Global Interests’. Harvard Business School. Working Paper 12-041. Devuyst, Y. and Serdarevic, A. (2007). ‘The World Trade Organization and Regional Trade Agreements: Bridging the Constitutional Credibility Gap’. Duke Journal of Comparative & International Law, vol. 18(1), pp1-75. Dhar, B. (2013). ‘The Future of the World Trade Organisation’. ADBI Working Paper. Matsushita, M., Schoenbaum, T. J. and Mavroidis, P. C. (2006). The World Trade Organization: Law, Practice, and Policy. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Milner, H. V. (2005). ‘Globalization, Development, and International Institutions: Normative and Positive Perspectives’. Review Essay, vol. 3(4), pp833-854. Narlikar, A. (2005). The World Trade Organization: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Van den Bossche, P. and Zdouc, W. (2013). The Law and Policy of the World Trade Organization: Text Cases and Materials. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Home vs Apartment Essay

Ever had to wonder if either to own a house or rent an apartment? These two materialistic items that give us shelter have there comparisons and differences. Many people decide to rent an apartment because they do not have money to buy a home. On the contrary, people sometimes do not like to live in apartments because of the lifestyle it has. Whether a house or an apartment, what’s the difference and what’s similar? A house and an apartment both have similarities. One of the similarities is that they both require rent. Rent depends on where the area the apartment or home is at and how big it is. The cost of living is often high under any shelter because it protects you from the outside weather and gives you a place to sleep. In addition, the monthly rent amount is sometimes the same at a home as well. Another comparison that these two have are they both have variable amount of rooms and baths. They vary to a one bedroom and a one bath to a 5 bedroom and 3 bath apartment, in which this also applies also to a home. Although, a home has a better chance on having more than an apartment. Depending on how many rooms and bath a person would like, there is a way to get that. The most important similarity is that they both provide shelter. Shelter is important because it provides a sense of security and a place of belonging. Everyone would like to live under a roof and, a home and an apartment, both successfully accomplish this. whether it be small or big, they both provide shelter. Besides the comparisons, these two have differences. One of the most obvious differences between these two is that living in an apartment allows easy mobility to move. In order to move from a home, there is more difficulty due to signing a loan out in order to buy the house. In an apartment, the person leases for a certain amount of time and then can either renew it or move. With a home it is more difficult because it requires to sell the home and also the loan that was taken out to be paid off. Another difference is that in an apartment you do not have the option to remodel the inside. In a home, since it is the homeowners property, they can remodel all they want. For example they can knock down walls, paint and add additional rooms. Another difference are how close the neighbors are. In an apartment, the neighbors are door to door. Sometimes the people on the bottom half of the apartment hear everything you do if you are on the top floor. There also a low tolerance of loud noises. For example, turning up the radio and listening to it loud can make the neighbors mad and make a  complaint about you. In the contrary, living in a home, the neighbors are more distant. The noise level does not really matter because many people do not complain. After comparing and contrasting both an apartment and a home, they both have their pros and cons. Apartments are easy to move from but do not have more to offer. On the other hand, a house gives more options to do anything but it also limits mobility to move. An apartment and a home have their similarities along with their differences.